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The most primitive osteichthyan braincase? As noted above, the diencephalon comprises the caudal portion of the forebrain. Tetrapod-fish relationships need to be re-examined by means of a properly conducted cladistic analysis. The wide rhombencephalon shows a largely horizontal basal plate and a vertically oriented alar plate around the fourth ventricle, which is mostly covered by a tela choroidea except for the rostral portion, which is occupied by the cerebellum. The dorsal and lateral sectors of the telencephalon in lungfish are pallial territories receiving olfactory bulb input (Reiner and Northcutt, 1987), and they appear to project to striatum, based on studies of normal fiber staining (Nieuwenhuys and Meek, 1990b). Images illustrating the telencephalic organization in the African lungfish Protopterus annectens (A, B). Lungfish are the extant sister group of tetrapods and, like salamanders, are capable of regenerating complete tails as adults (figure 1). Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. The role of the apparent SP striato-GPi circuit in sarcopterygians is also uncertain, given the meager cortical development in this group. Novit. The lungfishes and the coelacanth are lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii). It crushes benthic crustaceans, mollusks, and small fishes with its tooth plates. In the midline, just ventral to the trochlear nucleus, there is an interpeduncular nucleus (Figure 2(k)), which receives information from the habenula via the fasciculus retroflexus. It is likely, however, that the small cholinergic cells revealed by immunohistochemistry at the lateral aspect of the motor column may represent these neurons. Surprisingly, however, CT and PTH are diuretic and antidiuretic, respectively, in these fishes. The dorsal thalamus also appears to project to the striatum in lungfish, based again on studies of normal fiber staining (Nieuwenhuys and Meek, 1990b). As in most fishes, lungfishes have four nuclei: anterior nucleus, magnocellular nucleus, descending nucleus, and posterior nucleus. Australas. A primitive fish close to the common ancestor of tetrapods and lungfish. Specific immunohistochemical labeling has identified medial, dorsal, and lateral pallial regions, and, in addition, a new ventral pallial region, as defined in tetrapods (Figure 3(f)). The telencephalic hemispheres are unusual in Neoceratodus, as a part of the medial wall is reduced to an ependymal membrane.

The expression of several developmental markers reveals subregions within the septum, including a large lateral septum, a small medial septum, and a specific ventral septum. Origins . A peculiar cell group found laterally in the isthmus, just in a subpial position, is termed the superficial isthmic nucleus (Figure 2(k)).

No subnuclei can be distinguished, although immunohistochemical reactions for different neuropeptides have demonstrated the heterogeneity of this region (Figure 3(b)). volume 418, pages767–770(2002)Cite this article. In amphibians, this pallial region contains the lateral amygdala (the only pallial amygdaloid component), and this is likely true in lungfishes as well. Northcutt, in Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology, 2011. Homologs of the amygdaloid complex in amniotes have been proposed in the telencephalon of lungfishes, mainly on the basis of immunohistochemical features and some hodological data. Comparison of hypotheses on the relationships of sarcopterygians.

In air, lungfish detect airborne sound through detection of sound-induced head vibrations. 21, 815–820 (2001), Swofford, D. L. PAUP: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony ver. 15, 183–198 (1993), Chang, M. M. in Early Vertebrates and Related Problems of Evolutionary Biology (eds Chang, M. M., Liu, Y. H. & Zhang, G. R.) 355–378 (Science, Beijing, 1991), Long, J. Natl Hist. Lungfishes appear by the Early Devonian in marine deposits and air-breathing ability seems to be developed in some freshwater forms by the Middle Devonian. That's because we, and in fact all tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates, many of which live on land), share a more recent common ancestor with the coelacanth and lungfish than we do with ray-finned fishes. Presumptive interneurons containing SS and/or NPY are present in African lungfish striatum (Trabucchi et al., 1999; Vallarino et al., 1995, 1997b), as are a few LANT6 neurons (ie, presumptive PARV interneurons) (Reiner and Northcutt, 1987). Additionally, isthmic tegmental serotonergic neurons are present and the striatum contains many serotonergic fibers, suggesting an input from the serotonergic neurons (Reiner and Northcutt, 1987). Given that basal ganglia models in mammals involve the notion that striatal neurons must receive an excitatory input that drives them, it seems likely they do receive at least thalamic input. This article is also available for rental through DeepDyve. When a swamp dries up, African lungfishes dig a burrow and can wait 4 years for rains to return. The basal region is traditionally divided into dorsal and ventral hypothalamic parts, with respect to the infundibular ventricle (Figures 2(i), 2(j), and 3(c)–3(e)), and both contain immunohistochemically distinct cell populations that are similar to those described in amphibians (Figures 3(c)–3(e)). Mem. Ser. They had great radiation in marine and terrestrial habitats during the Devonian Period but are later restricted to freshwater deposits from the Permian onwards. Gene S. Helfman, in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (Second Edition), 2013. All regions are poorly differentiated cytoarchitectonically, showing only a continuous internal zone of periventricular gray and an external zone of fibers and neuropils (Figures 2(g)–2(i)). As noted above, the conspicuous cells of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus occupy a long narrow strip on the dorsal portion of the tectum. The hypothalamus consists of a tuberal (infundibular) portion (which is derived from the basal plate and located caudal (topologically ventral) to the optic chiasm) and an alar portion (which is formed by a suprachiasmatic region). This region is clearly layered into molecular and granular layers, but the Purkinje cells are irregularly distributed and do not form a continuous layer. J.A. Search for other works by this author on: You do not currently have access to this article. 21, 754–766 (2001), Basden, A. M. et al.

The septal complex in lungfishes is restricted to the ventromedial wall of the hemispheres, as in terrestrial vertebrates (Figures 2(c) and 2(d)). African lungfishes, Protopterus, estivate, burrowing into mud and remaining inactive for years while waiting for rains to return. This implies that air breathing may have enabled rudimentary pressure detection as early as the Devonian era. Mem. Phylogenomic analysis shows that, Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis in Vertebrates, David O. Norris Ph.D., James A. Carr Ph.D., in, The lungfishes lack parathyroid glands and are relatively insensitive to tetrapod calcium-regulating hormones; however, there is evidence for the presence of PTRrP in the Australian, Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (Second Edition). (1981) correctly emphasize that cladistic relationships must be based on shared derived characters, they often fail to take intragroup variation into account in postulating synapomorphies. Recent experimental research, however, has shown that in spite of its simple cytoarchitecture, the tectum in lungfishes has the same heterogeneous cells as in other vertebrates. Phylogenomic analysis shows that lungfish, rather than coelacanths, are the closest living relative of tetrapods (Amemiya et al., 2013).

Biol. Only recently have immunohistochemical data, based on specific labeling for calbindin (Figure 3(g)) and other olfactory markers, clearly indicated the existence of an accessory olfactory system, which may represent an incipiently segregated vomeronasal system in lungfishes, as exists in tetrapods. These cells issue a well-developed tract that borders the chiasmatic ridge and courses in the ventral hypothalamus toward the neural lobe of the hypophysis. 103, 241–287 (1991), Cloutier, R. & Ahlberg, P. E. in Interrelationships of Fishes (eds Stiassny, M. L., Parenti, L. R. & Johnson, G. D.) 445–480 (Academic, San Diego, 1996), Meyer, A. Molecular evidence on the origin of tetrapods and the relationships of the coelacanth. Please check your email address / username and password and try again. 43, 155–173 (1994), Article  The third segment of the diencephalon (anterior parencephalon) is narrow and contains distinct cell populations within a poorly differentiated ventral thalamus (or prethalamus) in the alar plate (Figure 3(e)). PubMed Google Scholar. The latter is difficult to distinguish in normal material but has been demonstrated with experimental techniques. Unfortunately, few details are available regarding the origin of polyploidy in this species, and it is unknown whether the previously greater diversity of dipnoans included other polyploids. 2C, D of Reiner, A., Northcutt, R.G., 1987. They also use evidence inconsistently by attributing greater significance to similarities between lungfishes and tetrapods than to even more detailed similarities between rhipidistians and tetrapods. It is likely the SP and ENK neurons of the striatal sector contain GABA as well, since the lungfish subpallium is enriched in neurons expressing GAD65 and containing GABA (González and Northcutt, 2009; González et al., 2014; Trabucchi et al., 2008). The lungfishes (Dipnoi) have been of special interest to comparative endocrinologists seeking to understand the evolution of corticosteroids because they represent close relatives to both the fish and tetrapod lines. We thank M. M. Chang and P. E. Ahlberg for advice and discussions, K. S. Thomson for comments and corrections, M. Yang for artwork, J. Zhang for photographic work, and X. Lu for specimen preparation. Micropumps are spherical, contractile organs 35–55 μm in diameter. Several immunohistochemical features allow the distinction of ventral, intermediate, and dorsal parts within the medial pallium, as in tetrapods (Figure 3(f)). Lobe fins are rare among living fish and are only possessed by the coelacanth and lungfish. However, because this set of muscles has been demonstrated to arise from paraxial mesoderm, the hindbrain motor centers that innervate them are better considered special motor centers. Dorsally in this segment is the large habenula, which contains abundant cholinergic cells in its dorsal part, which give rise to the habenular–interpeduncular tract. The structures in the medial wall located ventral to this ependymal membrane in Neoceratodus and most of the thick medial wall in Protopterus and Lepidosiren have been believed by some researchers to be homologous to the septum in other vertebrates. Adrenocortical cells from estivating Protopterus synthesize corticosterone in vitro from progesterone. This kind of sensory information ascends through the dorsal funiculus of the spinal cord and contacts cells of an incipient dorsal column nucleus located close to the obex (Figure 2(p)).

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