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But when in November 1995, then Prime Minister Alain Juppé dismissed eight of the twelve women in his government only six months after their appointment—an incident that was dubbed “Black Tuesday” in the US press—the image of the Right as a potential advocate of women in politics was shattered. Edith Cresson was born January 27, 1934, in a fashionable Paris suburb of Boulogne-Billancourt. Responding to this problem, the Government has written a law, adopted on 24 April 2000, mandating negotiations on professional parity within companies and sectors. Reelected in 1988, 1994. She soon became strongly unpopular among the electorate and had to leave office after less than one year, following the Socialists' poor showing in 1992's regional elections. According to Michèle Alliot Marie, president of the center-right political party Rassemblement pour la République (RPR), the proposed reform was not only “completely hypocritical and inapplicable,” but also “an insult to women.” But with public opinion behind the reform, and with support from both Socialist Prime Minister Jospin and RPR President Chirac, these critics have had little impact. Meanwhile she was three times elected a deputy to the National Assembly from the Vienne province (1981, 1986, 1988). Liberté, égalité, parité, a book published in 1992 that turned parity into a campaign theme during the 1995 presidential elections. They argued that the reform would undermine the concept of universalism in political representation and therefore open the door to demands from other specific groups based on race, religion, or sexual preference. The head of the Government of France has, since 1958, been called the Prime Minister of … Her father was a … In 1974, Françoise Giroud became the first junior minister of women?s issues. In June 2004, the Chambre du conseil of the Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles (Court of First Instance, Brussels) decided that no further action should be taken in the case.

Municipal councillor of Thuré, 1977–1983. Quoted making strident and antagonistic comments about the Japanese "strategy of conquest," Cresson was greatly concerned over what she was convinced to be Japan's major threat to European trade and commonwealth. As Minister of Health from 1976 to 1979, Simone Veil promoted access to abortion, which had been legalized in 1975. Subsequent to a fraud inquiry the European Commission said that Cresson in her capacity as the Research Commissioner "failed to act in response to known, serious and continuing irregularities over several years". Édith Cresson (French pronunciation: ​[edit kʁɛsɔ̃]; née Campion; born 27 January 1934) is a French politician. Minister of Foreign trade and Tourism, 1983–1984. A successful businesswoman, she added a second career in politics when she met François Mitterrand in 1965. In a few cases, as in the town of Les Ulis near Paris, too many women proposed to seek office, and some had to step down to ensure that their male counterparts could meet their own share of the quota. and On June 28, 1999, articles 3 and 4 of the French Constitution were amended. She is the first, and so far only, woman to have held the office of Prime Minister of France. Although there was no significant difference of opinion between men and women, 73 percent of left-wing voters were open to the idea compared to 55 percent of right-wing voters. [13], When Cresson took up her functions, she intended to appoint dental surgeon Philippe Berthelot, one of her close acquaintances, as a "personal advisor". “Day-to-day life is particularly difficult for a woman politician since politics is one of the activities that least respects the rhythms of private time.”. This heavy burden of work at home remains a practical obstacle for women wishing to take on political and corporate responsibilities. Elected in 1981, reelected in 1986, 1988. Subtle and not-so-subtle attacks on her gender continued, including a popular daytime television show featuring two puppet characters, one a sexy and servile female broadly seen as a Cresson parody. She also said, discussing the sexual activities of Anglo-Saxon males, "Homosexuality seems strange to me. The first woman prime minister of France and the fifth prime minister appointed by President François Mitterr and, Edith Cresson (born 1934) was named to the office May 15, 1991. [14], Berthelot worked only as a personal advisor to Cresson. In April 1992, Cresson resigned. The discussion of gender inequalities in politics and business also masks the more fundamental issue of the unequal division of tasks at home. Examen des Politiques Commerciales 2019: Canada, On the Passing of Brookings Institution Chairman Emeritus James A. Johnson, New priority on Race, Justice, and Equity.

Guidance for the Brookings community and the public on our response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) », Learn more from Brookings scholars about the global response to coronavirus (COVID-19) ». Yes, I'd like to receive Word of the Day emails from YourDictionary.com. In a declaration published before the elections, the Social Commission of French Bishops declared that society would benefit from women?s increased political representation and that everyone should support and encourage their commitment. She also appointed five women, three to posts in labor, development, and youth and sports. A large number of developing countries have also achieved a more balanced gender representation, from Mozambique and South Africa (30%) to Vietnam (26%) and China (22%). Terms of Use Cresson has been compared to the British prime minister for her bluntness, energy, and stubbornness. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! EU rules specify a maximum duration of 24 months for visiting scientists, but Berthelot spent two and a half years in the position. In 1991, he appointed the first and only female Prime Minister, Edith Cresson. At work as in politics, parity will have to start at home. Ossouka Raponda, 56, was promoted from the defence ministry and takes over from Julien Nkoghe Bekale, who was appointed prime minister in January … The situation is similar within the national government. Her strong criticism of Japanese trade practices, going so far as to compare the Japanese to "yellow ants trying to take over the world", led to charges of racism. However, the Court held that it was not bound by the legal characterisation of facts made in the context of the criminal proceedings and that it was for the Court, exercising its discretion to the full, to investigate whether the conduct complained of in proceedings brought under Article 213(2) EC constituted a breach of the obligations arising from the office of Commissioner. It exists more in the Anglo-Saxon tradition than the Latin one. Deputy-mayor of Châtellerault, 1997–2008. Over 60 percent of all respondents felt that having more women in municipal councils would reinforce democracy and improve political decisions in a large number of areas, from education and environment to financial management and security. Since then she has served as Commissioner for Science, Research and Development to the European Commission. Because Berthelot was 66 years old, he could not be appointed as a member of a Commissioner's Cabinet. Since their laudable performance during the 1970s, however, the conservative track record has been mixed. When her appointment to prime minister drew misogynist remarks from some politicians of France's center and right parties, Cresson said, "Men are not in any sense irreplaceable except in one's private life."

Most Scandinavian countries, for example, have achieved significant female representation in parliaments, from 43% in Sweden to 35% in Iceland, and although Swiss women had to wait until 1971 to be allowed to vote, they now make up 23% of federal MPs. Diplomatically, her outspokenness was creating unease in international circles. While a European Commissioner, Cresson was the main target in the fraud allegations that led to the resignation of the Santer Commission in 1999.

Encyclopedia of World Biography. Mitterr and, Edith Cresson (born 1934) was named to the office May 15, 1991. During the 1981 presidential campaign, François Mitterrand?s 47th proposition was to establish minimum female quotas of 30% for legislative elections.

For the next 26 years the future president helped Cresson advance through the ranks of what is now the French Socialist Party, calling her "my little soldier.". To ensure that women are not relegated to the bottom of electoral rolls, a balance must be maintained throughout the list. Subsequent politicians on the Left went further, promoting women in all areas of French politics. See also "An Iron Lady Across the Channel?" He was 66 years old. The experiment, however, was short-lived. In 1996, they still made up only 6% of députés, although they constituted 53% of the electorate. His contract expired on 1 March 1997, and he was offered another visiting scientist's contract for a period of one year. His appointment served to restore trust in the French leadership in financial markets. At the local level, women’s representation is even lower.

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