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"Sit down," he said. Others carried heirlooms and farming tools.

So the public domain was offered to settlers, at first by purchase and finally as free homesteads. Logs, split into flat-faced planks called puncheons, were used to make the cabin floor. Still other pioneers were immigrants newly arrived from Europe. Spring rains seeped through the sod roof long after the sky had cleared. The first federal land law offered a minimum tract of 640 acres (256 hectares) at $2 an acre, half the price to be paid to the government within 30 days and the remainder within a year. Help Improve This Page: Please contact us to become an approved KidzSearch editor and provide your credentials. Today the United States still has some remote and primitive areas, where resourceful, self-reliant people can go beyond the reach of civilization. Every cabin had two spinning wheels—a big wheel for wool and a smaller wheel for flax. These adventurers traveled in caravans, with 30 or more wagons rocking westward on the overland trails. Opposite the cabin doorway was the yawning chimney mouth. For months there were no fresh fruits or vegetables. In crude log schoolhouses, shelves fastened to the wall served for desks and the students sat on three-legged stools. The western regions were sparsely occupied by Indians.

In the corner the teacher kept a bundle of hickory switches to whip unruly boys. Here the pioneers' essential tool was the ax. The first political organization on the frontier was the territorial government, with officials appointed by the president of the United States.

In early spring, women looked eagerly for the first wild mustard and dandelion plants, which they could boil into a dish of "greens.". It launched from Earth on an Atlas-Centaur three-stage launcher, intended to boost the spacecraft to 32,400 mph (52,142 kph).

Clothes were also made from animal skins, which the pioneers tanned into leather. Girls soon learned important household tasks—gardening, cooking, spinning, weaving, mending, sewing, making soap and candles. With a local fiddler playing such tunes as "Skip-to-my-Lou" and "Way Down in the Pawpaw Patch," men, women, and children joined in square and circle dances by lantern light on a rough barn floor. After it was surveyed, the land was open to sale and settlement. English, Scotch, Welsh, and German pioneers went into the Ohio Valley.

Vast stretches of wilderness remained in the western mountains and deserts. A house-raising was also a picnic, with women spreading a dinner on the grass while children swung from grapevines and the men laid up the roof poles on a new cabin. At last, in 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Homestead Act, which offered land free to any adult who would live on it and improve it. When the fires died down, the night wind brought the haunting call of coyotes. As settlements grew, communities organized congregations and built churches at the crossroads. In all these places a familiar scene was repeated. The ax would clear the forest for the plow. The cabin in the clearing was the pioneer homestead. Retrieved October 28, 2020, from Scholastic Grolier Online. Pioneer life has a special meaning in America. Havighurst, Walter.

Pioneer women learned to supply their own household goods. As long as they had their health and strength, people could stand hardship. As the long bullwhips cracked, another day's travel began. . On the plaques were images that held some information about humans and earth. In less than 300 years, civilization spread across a vast continental wilderness. The spacecraft also carried one of two plaques, the Pioneer plaques. In the great forests of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys the land provided timber.

The first improved highway—straight, wide, and smooth—was the National Road, begun at Cumberland, Maryland, in 1815. On fine days a wagon train could cover 20 miles (32 kilometers); when the rains brought mud, they would be satisfied to cover half that distance. The farmers tamed the land and made it productive. The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 extended it farther, to the Rocky Mountains. Some took seed corn and orchard shoots, cattle, hogs, and poultry. Statehood could be sought when a region had a large enough population; 60,000 was the original requirement. Silas Garber, for example, settled in a sod-roofed dugout on a prairie creek bank in 1871. At night the wagons drew into a circle and the oxen were turned loose to graze. When a caravan was large, it was divided into two groups. This page was last changed on 9 March 2013, at 09:00. Logs smoldered there day and night, giving warmth and protection. This was the pioneers' "half-faced camp." Pioneer 10 would join its sister Pioneer 11 as the most distant derelict human-made objects from … Those who stayed and survived turned a wilderness into a civilization. Two openings, a window and a door, were sawed out with patient labor. When NASA lost communication with Pioneer 10 in 2003, it was a solemn end of a mission and program that spanned 30 years. Every part of America had its pioneers. ™ & © 2020 Scholastic Inc. All Rights Reserved. The first window covering was greased paper, which turned away wind and water and admitted a dim light.

The great rivers, notably the Ohio and the Mississippi, became frontier highways, carrying the population and the produce of the new West. Women soon learned the use of herbs for healing.

Food was scanty and monotonous. They split logs into rails to make the zigzag fence that enclosed their clearings. In the Great Migration, which began after the War of 1812, multitudes of people went to the American interior. Soon the leaves withered, allowing sunlight to reach the damp soil. Pioneer 10 was a spacecraft launched by NASA in March 1972. The frontier church provided the first strong social bond in new communities. But most of the pioneers were determined and industrious people. Yankee farmers went west from the stony fields of New England, and Southern families went west from the crowded lands of Virginia and the Carolinas. Alaska is sometimes called the Last Frontier. When there was no leather, some people went barefoot and suffered frostbite. After a fiddler played a few tunes, the people went to bed, some in the wagons, others on the ground. The plaques were designed by a team lead by Carl Sagan to communicate with extraterrestrial life should the spacecraft come into contact with it. The oxen were yoked and the wagons pulled into line. They must look to the oceans or the solar system—or even to the realms of social justice, education, public health and medicine, religion, or the arts. He got a certificate that he could exchange for a deed of ownership when payment was completed.

This enabled a pioneer with $100 to buy a small farm. In 1889 central Oklahoma was opened to homesteaders. Therefore, in its first years every frontier had its own unwritten laws, which were enforced by common consent. The Harrison Land Act of 1800 allowed sales of 320 acres (128 hectares) at $2 an acre and allowed four years to pay. On the prairie frontier they often went to school on horseback. When a family of settlers arrived at the spot where they planned to make their home, they began chopping saplings and trimming poles to build a lean-to. Most pioneers were willing to face toil and hardship for the sake of opportunity.

After more than 200 years the moving frontier had come to an end. Still, the pioneer districts had no trained officials. Some were irresponsible and lazy, like the Indiana squatter who moved eight times without ever clearing timber or fencing a field.

It was a place of community socials and suppers, of Christmas entertainments, of Sunday school parties and neighborhood gatherings. Havighurst, W. (2019). Walter HavighurstAuthor First Book of Pioneers.

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