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Mariner 9 also revealed the large part that luck played in our early Mars explorations–had global dust storms been raging when Mariner 4, or the “space twins” Mariner 6 and 7, made their Mars flybys, their photographic results would have been nil.

In order to secure images of sufficient quality, Mariner could flyby Mars at a distance no greater than 40,200 kilometers and within a specific range of angles in relation to the ecliptic plane to allow the scan platform to slew to bring Mars into view of the camera system. Neither vehicle completed its mission: Mars 2 crash-landed on the planet and Mars 3 ceased transmissions 20 seconds after landing. (This was also a stroke of luck; Carl Sagan and several other project scientists had wanted to look at Phobos and Deimos, but NASA Headquarters, and even some influential JPL people, were against it, only reluctantly sanctioning a satellite astronomy group after Sagan pointed out that Mariner 9 provided, in effect, a free mission to the asteroid belt. My website is dedicated to the presentation and discussion of my past and current professional work. Although the Mars 2 and 3 landers failed, their accompanying orbiters both successfully completed their missions and returned useful data to Earth. The lander of Soviet Mars 2 became the first man-made object to reach the surface of Mars, although the landing system failed and the lander was lost. However, excitement for its arrival was subdued by a dark cloud -- literally.

Empowering the world's citizens to advance space science and exploration. Your email address will not be published. Mariner 9 is expected to remain in orbit until approximately 2022, when the spacecraft is projected to enter the Martian atmosphere and either burn up or crash into the planet’s surface.

Required fields are marked *, The SciHi Blog is made with enthusiasm by, Mariner 9 – The first Spacecraft to reach another Planet. Combined with a Moon-like lack of a magnetic field and belts of trapped radiation as well as measurements that confirmed the emerging scientific view that the Martian atmosphere was less than 1% as dense as Earth’s, Mars was instantly transformed in the minds of scientists and the public from being a possible Earth-like abode for life into a dead Moon-like world with poor prospects of supporting life as we know it (see “Mariner 4 to Mars” for complete details of this mission).

Get the latest updates on NASA missions, watch NASA TV live, and learn about our quest to reveal the unknown and benefit all humankind. The bean-counters within NASA tried to persuade JPL to save more of the (then-drying-up) NASA budget allocations by dropping Mariner 8’s and 9’s fancier (than Mariner 3’s and 4’s) dual-vidicon (wide-angle and narrow-angle) television cameras, but the scientists stood firm, pointing out that imaging benefited the geologists, hydrologists, meteorologists, and atmospheric physicists who would study Mars via the spacecraft’s instruments and sensors.

Scholey, “Design Parameters for Ballistic Interplanetary Trajectories Part I.

While those first several missions didn't reach their target, NASA's Mariner 4 finally did. We would have to wait a couple of more years before Mariner 9 data from orbit revealed it to be the largest volcano known! The overall geometric properties of the possible approach trajectories for Mars 1 are known. While these requirements limited primarily the range of latitudes that were observable by Mariner 4 as well as longitudes relative to the point of closest approach, there was one more important constraint on the Mars encounter.

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