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The diffraction pattern from a single, small circular aperture is identical to the diffraction pattern of a star (or point source) The three pictures above represent the diffraction pattern of two point sources. Each of the XMM-Newton telescopes consists of: The 58 Wolter I mirrors of each telescope are bonded on their entrance aperture to the 16 spokes of a single spider made out of Inconel. It has proven itself over time to be a reliable and high performance material. More information on the XMM Newton Project can be found on the European Space Agency’s website at www.esa.int. The inherent properties of beryllium that are ideally suited for spacecraft applications are: Other properties of beryllium such as high thermal conductivity, moderate CTE, and high heat capacity are additional benefits to the material. Back-up ground stations are located in Villafranca del Castillo, Santiago, and Dongara. Due to the 202 RGA grazing mirrors to be assembled within the structure, this approach allowed for a conservative design and the means to create a long term and stable structure. For example, a 3.5 keV candidate annihilating into 2 photons,[67] or a 7 keV dark matter particle decaying into photon and neutrino. Taking into account the support structure for the very thin mirror shells XMM will be able to resolve objects separated by 15 arcseconds. Figure 2: The beryllium RGA Integrating Structure with Reflection Gratings Shown; A Critical Component of the X-Ray Telescope. The XMM Satellite has been placed in a highly eccentric orbit reaching about one third of the distance to the moon, allowing the telescopes and detectors to operate unencumbered from the earth’s atmosphere with unprecedented sensitivity. The spacecraft has three degrees of stabilisation, which allow it to aim at a target with an accuracy of 0.25 to 1 arcseconds. Back to the technical descriptions index.

[2][54], The cameras are accompanied by the EPIC Radiation Monitor System (ERMS), which measures the radiation environment surrounding the spacecraft; specifically, the ambient proton and electron flux. Fracture toughness is a consideration when designing in beryllium materials. The design goal was to achieve a collecting area of 1900 cm2 for energies up to 150 eV, 1500 cm2 at 2 keV, 900 cm2 at 7 keV, and 350 cm2 at 10 keV, for each of the telescopes. These systems also allow the spacecraft to point at different celestial targets, and can turn the craft at a maximum of 90 de… In grazing incidence optics the effective area is increased by nesting a number of mirrors and thus filling the front aperture as far as possible. In particular, extended sources in the center of the telescope field of view can be studied with a 5" spatial resolution. This level of 14 ksi also equates to what is allowed by the K. Random vibration spectrum, PSD (as defined by launch vehicle). Two of the telescopes carry a Reflection Grating Array (RGA). The minimum radial separation between adjacent shells is 1mm. After EDMing, the structure was precision machined to establish rail and mounting locations within a fraction of an arc second. Each of the firms involved have a particular technical expertise for manufacturing specific parts of the telescope.

The performance of the X-ray telescopes can be characterized by: The point spread functions and effective areas of the three telescopes were first characterized on-ground during an extensive calibration campaign. The XMM RGA structure was produced from a solid monolithic piece of Beryllium material. The straylight collecting area of the EPIC detectors as a function of off-axis angle is about 3 cm2 for sources located between 20' and 1.4° from the optical axis, and completely negligible at higher angles.

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