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Caplan, R. (2016, November 22). Balázs Bodó, Natali Helberger, & Claes H. de Vreese, University of Amsterdam, The role of digital marketing in political campaigns Political campaigning and the electoral system are at the heart of the democratic process. A short Q&A with researchers Tom Dobber and Natali Helberger. Required fields are marked *, 25 days Their differences in methods, topics, coverage and angle highlight the diversity of not just the issues at hand, but the much needed diversity of voices, this PMT research needs, if we are to understand the role of political micro-targeting in our democracies. His academic interests include copyright and economics, piracy, media regulation, peer-to-peer communities, underground libraries, digital archives, informal media economies. 10 ECHR (European Court of Human Rights, VgT Verein gegen Tierfabriken v. Switzerland), and citizens have the right to inform themselves and receive political information from a diversity of sources and perspectives. We want independent decision makers who are creative in providing incredible customer experiences. This special issue does not alleviate all of these potential concerns about PMT, and the research environment around PMT driven practices. Data protection law, however, can only go so far to protect principles of universality, equality or freedom of the political, data-driven process.

As a result, negative advertisement, smear campaigns and the like are often widely used strategies in campaigns (Johnson-Cartee & Copeland, 2013). André Haller, University of Mainz, On democracy Platforms have come to play a central role in gathering information and forming (political) opinions. Media coverage of elections: the legal framework in Europe (IRIS Special).

And yet, many of these platforms are driven by an advertising business model, and from their perspective as advertising companies, political micro-targeting is ‘just’ another form of advertising.

(2016).

Madrigal, A. C. (2017, October 24). (F. Courrèges, M. P. Sarl, N. Sturlèse, S. Pooth, E. Rohwer, & S. Schmidt, Trans.). Targeted political advertising can potentially exclude voter segments from important political information, and undermine the democratic process. Sophie in 't Veld is a Dutch politician, Member of the European Parliament for Democrats 66, a Dutch liberal party.

War in 140 characters : how social media is reshaping conflict in the twenty-first century. Apa, E., Bassini, M., Bruna, A., Blázquez, F. J. C., Cunningham, I., Etteldorf, C., … Rozendaal, M. (2017). Threats, such as the aforementioned Russian interference in the 2016 US presidential elections via social media suddenly turned PMT techniques into the most closely watched domains, where everyone, from the media via congressional committees to national security services seemed to be ready to monitor and regulate this space. McChesney, R. W. (1999).

This obligation has resulted in rules on various aspects of political campaigning in general, and political advertising specifically. For political micro-targeting on social networks, such obligations are in many countries still missing, or just about to be drafted. Facebook Must Acknowledge and Change Its Financial Incentives. These institutions, online media platforms, data brokers, technology providers, analytics companies are perhaps the most novel aspect of today’s PMT compared to other aspects which are more organically evolving aspects of campaigning, data usage, and advertising in general. 2017. •

Bodo who played a critical role in the promotion Kariobangi Sharks in 2016 and participating in CAF Confederation Cup tournament in 2018 joins our defensive department in a bid to tighten our back. Internet Policy Review is an open access and peer-reviewed journal on internet regulation. Instead, future research should carefully assess which of the opportunities and threats are the product of the particular, and rather exceptional US political, social, economic, cultural conditions, and what are the barriers in front of the global transfer of PMT practices, positive or negative effects, actors, knowledge, etc. The prevalence of qualitative approaches is especially limiting because PMT could easily lend itself to big data based quantitative research methods. Tackling the Algorithmic Control Crisis – The Technical, Legal, and Ethical Challenges of Research into Algorithmic Agents. Using in-depth interviews they then identify the limited German parties’ use of PMT. Online media and journalism: challenges and accountability.

International Journal of Communication, 10, 10. The discussion about the regulation of PMT on platforms is part of a broader discussion about the social responsibility of platforms, and the extent to which we can oblige large commercial Silicon Valley companies to observe democratic values, such as media diversity, fairness and equality in the democratic process.

Retrieved from: http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6180. New York: Basic Books. This is important since much of the public debate centers on assumptions about usage and effects. The role and public responsibility of platforms still needs to be carved out. Negative political advertising: Coming of age. Reuters. Stichting Reclame Code, Reclamecode Social Media (RSM) https://www.reclamecode.nl/nrc/pagina.asp?paginaID=289%20&deel=2, 3. https://www.dataprotection.ie/docimages/documents/DPCanvasGuide.pdf, 4. In the same vein, PMT can conceivably be used in interesting ways to be part of government communication and thereby unfold not only as a feature of campaigning but also of governing. The content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly. How significant is algorithmic personalization in searches for political parties and candidates? There is no guaranteed “organic reach” for even those civil movements, causes, organisations, political parties, political candidates, activists, who otherwise successfully nurture large and well managed online communities; serious news media need to pay if they want to reach audiences, so there is no “public service”, commercially disinterested, non-profit marketplace for political speech on digital intermediaries (Madrigal, 2017; Wagner, 2017).

For example, the Dutch "Social Media Advertising Code" (Reclamecode Social Media)2 does address surreptitious political advertising through social media and requires, among others, disclosure of any payment social media users receive for the distribution of advertising messages. Mauricio Moura and Melissa Michelson’s empirical study on the effectiveness of different mobilisation efforts in Brazil serves as a useful reminder of why and how we should not take whatever we learn from the US experiences for granted. Sophie in 't Veld, European Parliament, Micro-targeting, the quantified persuasion to communicate and build a relationship with prospective voters. To explain the strikingly lower appeal of PMT in the Netherlands, Dobber et al. Comparing such speculations with the campaigns and elections until the end of 2017 proved that speculation and the actual practices on the ground were rarely in line. Is political micro-targeting hijacking European democracy? Ensuring the fairness, transparency, and openness of this process is paramount to its success. In other words, many of the rules that must guarantee informed and autonomous decision making in the light of behavioural targeting do not apply to ideological advertising. It would be a mistake to treat the US experience with PMT as a point each country will unavoidably pass in its teleological development of PMT-driven political communication. Retrieved from https://www.wired.com/2017/02/veles-macedonia-fake-news/, Wagner, K. (2017). Retrieved from: http://yjolt.org/tackling-algorithmic-control-crisis-technical-legal-and-ethical-challenges-research-algorithmic. Retrieved from https://www.recode.net/2017/10/23/16525192/facebook-explore-feed-news-media-audience-reach-traffic-test.

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PMT does not come out of a vacuum.

The task of scrutinising the use and impact of PMT techniques on local elections and political systems in Europe could not be more timely. Even if in a few years none of the firms mentioned in this article would remain, we believe we need a thorough overview of the state of play, the stakeholders and their claims, as they stood in late 2017, after the double, and rather unexpected shock of the surprise election of Donald Trump (in 2016!) Lower costs and more efficient targeting in turn could lower the entry barriers to the political communication market for smaller parties, and enable parties with limited resources or with a more specific message to reach out to constituents. 02 secs, Address Insofar, data protection law affords consumers and voters a comparable level of protection in terms of the collection and use of their personal data. Each child was tested individually to ensure that behavior would not be influenced by other children.

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