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Still, it's quite a step from carefully breeding chickens that lay more eggs to the natural evolution of new species. Lamarck's theory would say that giraffes have long necks because their ancestors stretched to reach tall trees, and then passed their newly-acquired long necks on to their offspring. However, part of his theory was incorrect. Over the last century scientists have catalogued the genes from different species. Degassing is the process through which the gases were outpoured from the interior of the earth. The rocks of the crust convey the story of how the planet has been transformed between the period shortly after its formation and the way we see it today. Descent with modification, which is caused by random mutations in genes, ultimately leads to gradual changes and the formation of new species – much of it driven by natural selection, which weeds out those organisms that are less suited to their environments. "If you look at most fossil records, what you actually see is one form that lasts quite a long time and then the next bunch of fossils that you've got is quite different from what you had before," says Jones. We know that life evolved with the same certainty that we know the Earth is roughly spherical, that gravity keeps us on it, and that wasps at a picnic are annoying.

That meant there was no advantage to carrying the sickle-cell trait, so its otherwise-harmful nature had meant it disappeared. View image of Charles Darwin, painted by George Richmond in the 1830s, View image of A domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) (Credit: Ernie Janes/NPL), View image of A wild jungle fowl (Gallus gallus murghi) in India (Credit: Mary McDonald/NPL), View image of Selective breeding in action: these are descended from wolves (Credit: Petra Wegner/NPL), View image of A fossilised turtle, tens of millions of years old (Credit: John Cancalosi/NPL), researchers described the fossils of a 55-million year old carnivore called, View image of Microraptor was a dinosaur, but almost a bird (Credit: Natural History Museum (WAC)), View image of A medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) from the Galápagos (Credit: Dr P. Marazzi/SPL), a new species of finch came into being on one of the Galápagos Islands, View image of Escherichia coli bacteria have been seen evolving (Credit: Visuals Unlimited/NPL), Lenski's team regularly freezes small samples, one of the 12 populations started feeding on citrate, View image of We all carry our genes in long molecules of DNA (Credit: Science Picture Co/SPL), may also be found in the DNA of other creatures, View image of We carry our DNA in compact chromosomes (Credit: Maurizio de Angelis/SPL), View image of The tree of life. [])), +((!+[]+(!![])+!![]+!![]+!![]+!![]+!![]+[])+(!+[]+(!![])+!![]+!![]+!![]+!![]+!![]+!![]+!![])+(!+[]+(!![])+!![]+!![]+!![]+!![]+!![])+(!+[]-(!![]))+(!+[]-(!![]))+(!+[]+(!![])+!![])+(!+[]+(!![])+!![]+!![])+(!+[]+(!![])+!![])+(!+[]+(!![])+!![]+!![]+!![]+!![]+!![]))/+((!+[]+(!![])+!![]+!![]+!![]+!![]+!![]+!![]+!![]+[])+(!+[]+(!![])+!![]+!![])+(!+[]-(!![]))+(!+[]+(!![])+!![]+!![])+(!+[]-(!![]))+(!+[]+(!![])+!![]+!![]+!![]+!![]+!![])+(+!![])+(!+[]+(!![])+!![]+!![])+(!+[]+(!![])+!![]+!! For those people, it was worth carrying the sickle-cell mutation, even if their children might be anaemic. Their ancestors go back in an unbroken line for over 3 billion years. Finally, let's apply all this to ourselves. Can Microevolution Lead to Macroevolution? It shows us that the tiny changes from generation to generation can add up. Its most ancient rocks are four billion years old, and the youngest ones are still forming today.

If there were lots of tall trees where this animal lived, the animals with the longest necks would get more food, and do better than those with shorter necks. Then you must hatch their eggs, and ensure that the resulting chicks reproduce. The most important clues about the early stages of the solar system come from meteorites. But those short-neck mutations didn't tend to last. The hands of a radioactive clock are isotopesÑatoms of the same element that have diÝerent atomic weightsÑand geologic time is

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