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It is widely accepted that L. lactis originated from a plant-associated niche (Price et al., 2012; Wels et al., 2019) and, whilst the majority of sequenced lactococcal representatives are isolated from the dairy environment, this is not representative of the presumed diversity of the taxon. Appl. The chromosomally located opp-2 system in L. lactis MG1363 is inactive, since some of the opp-2 genes contain frameshift mutations (81). Analysis suggested that the gene was transferred from L. lactis to Salmonella (37), and more recent research has shown that this region of DNA has been transferred between IL-like and MG-like lactococcal strains, possibly by a conjugal process (10). Comparative restriction maps of the archaeal megaplasmid Phm300 in different Haloferax mediterranei strains.
cremoris SK11 (66)—and with several genomes of other, plant-derived, strains to come (98)—these are promising times for in-depth comparative-genomics analyses of this economically important bacterial species. Front. Interestingly, of the 16 plasmids not detected by SMRT sequencing in this study, five were theta replicating plasmids larger than 25 Kbp. Environ. J. Microbiol. 10, 319–327.

These 14 plasmids ranged in size from 6 to 62 Kbp, indicating that their absence from the SMRT dataset was in the majority of cases not associated with exclusion from the library based on their small size. Bacteriophage resistance mechanisms. The ability to metabolize plant-derived sugars and the fact that the L. lactis MG1363 genome carries four csc gene clusters associated with the utilization of complex plant polysaccharides point to a plant-associated biological niche for the ancestor of L. lactis MG1363.

Rev. In total six strains were found to produce clearly defined zones of inhibition, indicating bacteriocin production, namely L. lactis subsp. A total of 2,517 predicted CDSs were identified, the majority (79%) of which were on the leading strand of chromosome replication. PK was funded by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine under the Food Institutional Research Measure (FIRM) (Ref: 10/RD/TMFRC/704–“CheeseBoard 2015” project). doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.3521720.x, Labrie, S. J., Samson, J. E., and Moineau, S. (2010). HCL analysis of the lactococcal plasmidome. ) has been deposited in the EMBL/GenBank databases with the accession number AM406671. (52) observed in vivo activity of threonine aldolase in L. lactis MG1363, while 95% of the threonine was taken up from the medium. Although L. lactis MG1363 hosts a large number of insertion sequence (IS) elements (see below and Table 3), only three pseudogenes (bglR, fadA, and malQ) are the result of IS insertions. (i) A copy of IS904 transposed into a copy of ISLL6 in one of the border locations. Characteristics of the plasmids analyzed in this study. Microbiol. The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. lactis IO-1, 184, UC06, UC08, UC11, and L. lactis subsp. Bioinformatics analyses.The finished L. lactis MG1363 sequence was annotated using the GenDB 2.2 Annotation Tool (70). Both L. lactis MG1363 and L. lactis IL1403 were tested on Biolog Phenotype MicroArray plates for carbon catabolism (7). Environ. The ycdB gene has an unknown function and is widespread in bacteria (some enteric bacteria have two copies) and some eukaryotes. cremoris UC509.9: CP003157; L. lactis subsp.

While lactococci are typically not associated with the human gut and do not have a growth temperature profile that would be inconsistent with GIT colonization., instances of such proteins encoded by lactococcal plasmids have been reported (Kojic et al., 2011; Lukić et al., 2012; Le et al., 2013).

The production of bacteriocins by lactococcal strains has been widely reported, including the strain L. lactis subsp. From meadows to milk to mucosa – adaptation of Streptococcus and Lactococcus species to their nutritional environments.

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