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Another approach is to create instruments or even automated laboratories to operate autonomously on the seafloor or in the water column. Probably the most commonly used water sampler is known as a CTD/rosette: it is a framework designed to carry 12 to 36 sampling bottles (typically ranging from 1.2- to 30-liter capacity) and a conductivity/ temperature/ depth sensor that sends information to the laboratory so that the water bottles can be closed selectively as the instrument ascends. Their use for relaying data from instruments at sea to ship or shore is expected to increase with time. Miniaturization in electronics now allows scientists to put computers of increasing sophistication in pressure cases and send them down several thousand meters to control a variety of instruments. Other floats drift for two months, surface to transmit data to a satellite, and descend again for another two months of data collection. It often includes rain gear suitable for extreme weather at sea. Since the ocean itself is not a convenient place to conduct research, scientists collect samples of water, sediment, flora, and fauna for study in laboratories aboard ship or ashore. Recently developed dual-frequency sidescan sonar can even be used to distinguish rock types. Data from the 10,000 XBTs U.S. oceanographers launch annually are a major source of physical oceanographic information. Some tools are combined into one housing, such as the CTD sensor, that measures temperature, depth and salinity, and current strength. For some work, especially that requiring an extremely clean environment or specialized suites of equipment, portable vans may be outfitted and lifted aboard the research vessel to provide additional laboratory space. Oxygen test kits and dissolved oxygen probes measure the oxygen in a water sample. A Job That Involves Working With Ocean Life→. Ocean – Tools Science and information are fundamental to effective marine planning. Oceanographers use satellite-based remote sensing systems to track and perform research on wave heights, sea surface temperatures and life indicators, such as plankton concentrations. Some, called ROVs or remotely operated vehicles, are controlled from the ship and can perform sampling work underwater, including microscopic examination. REMOTELY OPERATED VEHICLES PROFILERS FLOATS AND DRIFTERS The information gleaned by satellite systems is sometimes sufficient. You'll work with tools that show you how salty or how cold the ocean is, how fast currents move and the shape of the ocean floor near earthquake faults. A day later, you'll switch to working on computer models of the ocean floor or studying wave motions. PLANT AND ANIMAL COLLECTING DEVICES In the most sophisticated systems, the ROV is lowered on a cable alone or in a protective vehicle and then operates on a slack tether that decouples it from the ship's surface motion. You'll work with tools that measure temperature, including a variety of thermometers and a torpedo-shaped sensor called a bathythermograph that relays temperatures “from depth” to the surface. For many years, current meters have been attached to moorings as described above, left for a time to collect data, and then retrieved. Sound is also used for geophysical exploration of the seafloor and the layers beneath it. METEROLOGICAL SENSORS Sensors being designed or upgraded for use either on research vessels or buoys include those to measure surface temperature, air temperature, wind speed and direction, barometric pressure, solar and long- wave radiation, humidity, and precipitation. The CTD is one kind of profiler - that is, it descends through the water column making continuous measurements. Chambers are then inserted into the sediment and sealed to isolate portions of the bottom from surrounding seawater. An excerpt from The Research Fleet, prepared by the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS), University of Rhode Island. Ship-wire-deployed and free-drifting water sampling and incubation instruments measure plant nutrient uptake, bacterial incorporation of dissolved organics, and plankton feeding rates. A retired ship captain, Charpentier holds a doctorate in applied ocean science and engineering. Shoes with nonskid soles are essential aboard ships or boats, and boots with steel toes are required on most research vessels for work on deck when sensors are deployed. From Dan Codiga.jLab: A Matlab toolbox for big data analysis, signal processing, mapping, and oceanographic applications. Exchanges across the air-sea interface, including heat and fresh water, couple the ocean and atmosphere and are of major interest in studies of global climate. Salinity is tested by a hydrometer -- the kind used for an aquarium -- a chemical test kit or a conductive salinometer, which measures the salt by the increase in conductivity it provides to an electrical charge as the water's salt content increases. The laboratory is active day and night. Others, called automated underwater vehicles or AUVs, are preprogrammed to follow a path without human intervention. Aboard the ship, a flow cytometer may be used to analyze particles in the form of single-celled organisms for optical properties indicative of their physiology and structure. SEAFLOOR SAMPLING BOTTOM LANDERS Some of the tools oceanographers employ are described here. As an oceanographer, you might find yourself in the office one day and halfway around the world the next, working on an undersea project to find new medicines or new species of fish. Your wardrobe will change with your activities and may range from boat-crew shabby to business chic. The largest water bottles, called Gerard barrels, collect 250 liters. More precise sampling may be accomplished using a submersible with robotic arms or a remotely operated vehicle equipped with television so that the area where the rock was found can be described in detail. They provide data from both descent and ascent. From these measurements, accurate estimates of air-sea fluxes can be made. Particles in the water samples may be quantified with a transmissometer sent down the wire or attached to a CTD/rosette. Some animals, such as gelatinous zooplankton, are collected by scuba divers, who gently place specimens in glass jars to avoid damaging their fragile bodies. It then adjusts buoyancy as it approaches the bottom to insure a soft landing for the delicate instruments it carries and to avoid disturbing the sediment surface.

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