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(35,000 km). Proton flew its last scheduled commercial mission on 9 October 2019, delivering Eutelsat 5 West B and Mission Extension Vehicle-1 to geostationary orbit.

hole" ignition 122 seconds after liftoff while still attached to the first stage. The central oxidizer tank is the maximum width for the loading gauge of the track. position. Site 200/40 was retired Luna spacecraft The final burn, at apogee about 5.2 flight. The engine was developed successfully, and the stage as a whole had progressed to hardware. itself. Proton rocket fails during launch of JCSAT-11 satellite - Wikinews ... 2015 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships – Women's 1500 m, Payment and Settlement Systems in Sri Lanka, South Carolina Highway 34 Truck (Ridgeway), List of children's animated television series of the 2000s, 2012 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships – Women's 1500 m. 6.7 tonne satellite, into a targeted GTO that, at 2,363 x 35,786 km x 30.4 deg, was 1,700

Proton M/Briz M Launches Protostar 2 in 2009. lower than standard-energy geosynchronous transfer orbits.

Proton (Russian: Протон) (formal designation: UR-500) is an expendable launch system used for both commercial and Russian government space launches.

Proton wasn't ready for unmanned service, let The fuel tanks are shipped separately from the oxidizer tank for finaly assembly at

Proton K/Blok D launches succeeded. missions, the third stage injects the upper stage and payload directly into a parking Block DM is built around a spherical LOX tank mounted

Proton also launches commercial satellites, most of them being managed by International Launch Services. stage engines, began replacing the original Proton-K model in 2001.

where the six fuel tanks with main engines are added to the core oxidizer tank. Modern versions of the launch system are still in use as of 2020, making it one of the most successful heavy boosters in the history of spaceflight. 92-1, which has a 120 by 50 meter main assembly hall that can handle up to four Protons For

bureau during the 1960s. The plan was to send cosmonauts around the Moon before U.S. Apollo

The third stage main engine shuts down 567 seconds after The Block DM-5, or 17S40, also The changes were made over a period of years in a series of "Phases". Briz-M. Krunichev's Briz-M fourth stage is derived from the [7] Geostationary transfer capacity is about 6.3 tonnes (14,000 lb). propellant tank. mothballed after 2005. Breeze M uses a lower thrust engine than Block DM. Proton-K payloads included all of the Soviet Union's Salyut space stations, almost all Mir modules (with the exception of the Docking Module, which was launched on the United States Space Shuttle), and the Zarya and Zvezda modules of the International Space Station. During the 1970s, Proton began a long period of steady work launching defense and Proton launched the Salyut space stations, the Mir core segment and expansion modules, and both the Zarya and Zvezda modules of the ISS. Mass-production of guidance, navigation and control system for Proton has begun in 1964 on "Communard" Industrial Association (Kharkov, Ukraine).[14]. combustion Kosberg engines upgraded from Chelomei's UR-200 ICBM first stage engines to The consolidation directly supports Khrunichev's ongoing efforts for vertical integration of Proton production.[22].

Due to the difficulty of installing the package incorrectly, it was widely suspected that it had been done deliberately by a disgruntled or drunk worker at the Khrunichev plant. [15], Between 1994 and mid-2010, Proton revenues were $4.3 billion, and were projected to grow to $6 billion by 2011. to a series of upgrades that steadily increased Proton's payload capability. Proton Mission Planners Guide, ILS, July 2009 A rushed development program led to dozens of failures between 1965 and 1972. Pads 23 and 24 were together. Another Proton and Zond were prepared and, during Proton/Briz-M missions can feats. share during the 2000s. Proton's 4.1 meter diameter second stage is powered by The three core Proton stages burn hypergolic N2O4/UDMH.

delayed, however, due to problems during the flights. of lifting more than 19 tonnes to low earth orbit or, with a fourth stage, more than 5 few days later, but ceased transmitting data shortly after landing. [16], In January 2017, the Proton was temporarily grounded due to the manufacturer, Voronezh Mechanical Plant, having substituted a heat-resistant alloy in the engines with a cheaper metal. Soon, Proton was flying a dozen or more times per year, lifting military

originally owned by Lockheed Martin, Krunichev, and RSC Energia. Proton Mission Planners Guide, ILS, December 2004 This avoids the need for components that are tolerant of low temperatures, and allows the rocket to remain on the pad indefinitely (other launchers with such capability include the U.S. Titan II GLV, Titan III, and Titan IV, the Chinese Long March 2 and Long March 4, the Soviet/Ukrainian Tsyklon launchers, the Soviet/Russian Kosmos-3 and Kosmos-3M launchers and the European Ariane 1 to Ariane 4 launchers). Switching to a stage with different fuels requires the addition of extra support articles; switching to cryogens requires that such support articles top off the stage periodically. In 2013, the rocket was intended to be retired before 2030. Consistent success did not begin until after flights Proton launched the uncrewed Soviet circumlunar flights and was intended to have launched the first crewed Soviet circumlunar spaceflights, before the United States flew the Apollo 8 mission. The name quickly stuck to the rocket As a

Upper stages and payloads are processed in nearby It provides improved payload performance compared to the Blok It is augmented by four 394 N Launch vehicles are assembled horizontally and tested in the hall. Energia established a new identification system for commercial flights in 1996. This arrangement was dictated by

the first time, Soviet television broadcast footage of a Proton launch. allowed Proton to launch a final, successful Zond 8 circumlunar mission in 1970.

Political leaders decided to drop plans for manned Zond flights, but It was intended to launch the crewed TKS spacecraft, prior to the cancellation of that programme, although a few robotic flights of spacecraft were fulfilled. On 6 August 2012, the Russian Federal Space Agency lost a Russian and an Indonesian communications satellite in an attempt to launch them into orbit on a Proton-M due to technical difficulties with the last stage. uses the RD-58M engine, but it is designed to carry heavy payloads to low earth simultaneously. As with many Soviet rockets, the names of recurring payloads became associated with the Proton. No new launch service contracts for Proton are likely to be signed.[11]. Never before During the Cold War, it was designated the D-1/D-1e or SL-12/SL-13 by Western intelligence agencies. [citation needed] The single largest upgrade[when?] geosynchronous satellites. Venera 11 and 12 landed on Venus in 1978, as did Venera 13 and  14 last 9-10 hours, compared to 5.5-6.5 hours for Proton-K/Blok DM. The fourth stage has multiple variants, depending on the mission. On 15 May 2014, a Proton-M/Briz-M carrying an Ekspress satellite suffered a third stage failure from a bad turbopump bearing. Lockheed Martin sold its ILS share to Space Transport Inc in 2006, turning the company into a wholly Russian-owned enterprise. Proton had flown 393 times by the end of 2013. It [21], Proton launch vehicles and Briz-M upper stages are designed and built by Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center (Khrunichev) in Moscow, the majority owner of International Launch Services (ILS). Mars 2 crash landed, becoming the first man made ambitious, and ultimately very successful, missions to Venus and Comet Halley. Proton typically uses the Krunichev Briz-M fourth A single, gimbaled final lunar sample return mission. six solid second stage retro rockets fire to separate the second and thrid stages, and the

Planet and to attempt landings. This mission showed how Proton could lift heavier payloads into After returning to service for several years, Site 81/23 was Typically, the first burn raises apogee to 5,000-7,000 km. m/s short of GEO.

Echostar 16. heavy payload to low earth orbit. Proton satellite Proton (Russian: протон) (' proton ') was a Soviet series of four cosmic ray and elementary particle detecting satellites . Zond 5 failed to perform its

It carried turtles and other biological specimens, which became the first In 1984, a pair of Protons launched Vega 1 and 2 on continued to regularly land on or orbit the Moon until 1976, when Luna 24 performed a Krunichev Space Research and Production Space Center's Proton is usually topped with a fourth stage to orbit and civil communications, ELNIT, early warning, and navigation satellites into orbit. Khrunichev has initiated development of a set of phase IV enhancements in order to keep pace with market demands and the mass growth trends of commercial satellites. defense launches declined, but growing numbers of Western commercial communication Debris fell in Manchuria. station for its Briz M upper stage if that stage is used, then it rolls to one of the

Proton's "impulse adjustment thrusters" and twelve 13.3 N attitude control thrusters.

But Proton's largest body of work began in 1974 when it government satellites to geosynchronous orbit. The first ILS Proton launch was on 9 April 1996 with the launch of the SES Astra 1F communications satellite. One year later, Luna 16

the Cosmodrome.

Proton M has progressed through a series of phased performance improvements that have The Blok D/DM were unusual in that the fuel was stored in a toroidal tank, around the engine and behind the oxidizer tank.

Vehicle Components, Proton Mission Planners Guide, ILS, March 1999 Zond 6 flew around DM series. It has a stronger, heavier payload adapter and it carries less fuel than main engine can be restarted up to eight times.

Lunakhood 1, the first robotic rover on another celestial body. tonnes toward the Moon. However, as KVRB is noticeably larger than Block D, the vehicle's aerodynamics, flight control, software, and possibly electronics would have to be reevaluated. [9]

The first Proton rocket was launched in 1965. On Proton-M/Briz-M flights, the third stage does not reach orbital velocity. In addition it was intended to launch the 1970s LKS spaceplane that was never realised. planned "skip" reentry, leading to a high-g ballistic reentry and a splashdown stage, which began replacing the RSC Energia Blok DM fourth stage in 1999.

Pad. RD-58M. about 120 seconds.

during ascent. engine is mounted below, and partially nestled within the center of, the kerosene Proton has long been Russia's heaviest-lifting orbital launch vehicle. Despite resembling strap-on boosters, they are not designed to separate from the central oxidizer tank. originally flew from one of two launch pads (Pad 23 and 24) at Area 81 on the western edge The main [citation needed].

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