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The Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator published his "World Map" in 1569. They were largely autonomous, with a high proportion of merchants and artisans thanks to the Mediterranean trade routes. That same year, Abraham Ortelius published the first modern atlas, "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum.". The humanist Desiderius Erasmus wrote "Praise of Folly" in 1511, "De Copia" in 1512, and "New Testament," the first modern and critical version of the Greek New Testament, in 1516. Becoming patrons of artists was a popular way for such newly powerful families to demonstrate their wealth. England's Golden Age began when Elizabeth I was crowned queen in 1558. Moving away from the medieval period, where every facet of life, include music was church-driven, you begin to see that the church was starting to lose some of its influence. In 1401, Italian artist Lorenzo Ghiberti was awarded a commission to create bronze doors for the baptistry of San Giovanni in Florence; architect Filippo Brunelleschi and sculptor Donatello traveled to Rome to begin their 13-year stay sketching, studying, and analyzing the ruins there; and the first painter of the early Renaissance, Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Simone and better known as Masaccio, was born. Italian society and the results of the Black Death allowed for much greater social mobility, a constant flow of people keen to demonstrate their wealth. Diogo Ribeiro completed his "World Map" in 1529, and François Rabelais wrote "Gargantua and Pantagruel" in 1532. Empiricism began to take hold of scientific thought. Works produced during this period include Jan van Eyck's "Adoration of the Lamb" (1432), Leon Battista Alberti's essay on perspective called "On Painting" (1435), and his essay "On the Family" in 1444, which provided a model for what Renaissance marriages should be. "Perhaps most important, the invention of the printing press allowed for the dissemination of the Bible in languages other than Latin," Abernethy continued. The term Renaissance was not commonly used to refer to the period until the 19thcentury, when Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt popularized it in his classic, "The Civilization of Renaissance Italy.". From Italy, Renaissance thought, values and artistic technique spread throughout Europe, according to Van Ness Myers.

Some historians argue that the Renaissance ended in the 1520s, some the 1620s.

There are also works which talk about the Renaissance as a phenomenon with global reach, influencing – and being influenced by – the east, Americas, and Africa. Lorenzo de Medici "The Magnificent" took over power in Florence in 1469: his rule is considered the high point of the Florentine Renaissance. What was different in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was that this particular rebirth joined together both the elements of scholarly inquiry and cultural endeavor with social and political motivations to create a much broader movement, albeit one with a long history. There was also wealth and the desire to show it below them. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) temporarily eased the tensions arising from the Reformation, by allowing the legal co-existence of Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire. By the first half of the 16th century, the Renaissance was impacting and impacted by political events throughout Europe. Traditionally people have claimed it was stimulated, in part, by Petrarch, who had a passion for rediscovering lost manuscripts and a fierce belief in the civilizing power of ancient thought and in part by conditions in Florence. Classical culture had never totally vanished from Europe, and it experienced sporadic rebirths.

The Italian Wars finally came to a close: In 1525 the Battle of Pavia took place between France and the Holy Roman Empire, ending French claims on Italy. Participants intended, through the study of classical texts, textual criticism, and classical techniques, to both reintroduce the heights of those ancient days and improve the situation of their contemporaries. "This was the first indication of a divergence between science and religion. In 1556, Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia wrote "A General Treatise on Numbers and Measurement" and Georgius Agricola wrote "De Re Metallica," a catalog of ore mining and smelting processes.

Arguably one of the key events in the Renaissance, in 1454, Johannes Gutenberg published the Gutenberg Bible, using a new printing press technology that would revolutionize European literacy.

Renaissance art was heavily influenced by classical art, wrote Virginia Cox in "A Short History of the Italian Renaissance." Renaissance humanism looked to classical Greek and Roman texts to change contemporary thought, allowing for a new mindset after the Middle Ages.
Part of the changes brought by the Renaissance, or perhaps one of the causes, was the change in attitude to pre-Christian books. In 1536, the Swiss physician known as Paracelsus wrote the "Great Book of Surgery." There was no marvelous purity in Renaissance politics, just the same twisting about as ever. Renaissance art focused on human beauty and nature, exemplified by Michelangelo's David. For me this is the easiest and single greatest developed of the Renaissance and allowed modern culture to develop," Wilde told Live Science. By © From its origins in Italy, the Renaissance spread across Europe, the ideas changing and evolving to match local conditions, sometimes linking into existing cultural booms, although still keeping the same core. One of the major scientific discoveries of the Renaissance came from Polish mathematician and astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. Many historians, including U.K.-based historian and writer Robert Wilde, prefer to think of the Renaissance as primarily an intellectual and cultural movement rather than a historical period. For more details, see our Privacy Policy. The most important ones are Hamlet or Utopia, among other.. By Renaissance Is understood the stage of learning that began in Italy and that extended towards the north, including England, towards century XVI, and finished in the middle of century XVII. Often branded as the Dark Ages, the Medieval period was characterized by some years with famine and pandemics such as the Black Death. The beginning of the 15th century (probably 1403) saw Leonardo Bruni offer his Panegyric to the City of Florence, describing a city where freedom of speech, self-government, and equality reigned.
The Catholic Church forced him to spend the last nine years of his life under house arrest. According to the City University of New York at Brooklyn, intense interest in and learning about classical antiquity was "reborn" after the Middle Ages, in which classical philosophy was largely ignored or forgotten. Though many Renaissance humanists remained religious, they believed God gave humans opportunities and it was humanity's duty to do the best and most moral thing. Robert Wilde is a historian who writes about European history. Humanist thinkers implicitly and explicitly challenged the old Christian mindset, allowing and advancing the new intellectual model behind the Renaissance. Women, in particular, saw a marked reduction in their educational opportunities during the Renaissance. "[Humanism] created an atmosphere that gave rise to different movements and sects … Martin Luther stressed reform of the Catholic Church, wanting to eliminate practices such as nepotism and the selling of indulgences," Abernethy said. Themes like human agency, life's non-religious meanings and the true nature of man are embraced, and Hamlet is an educated Renaissance man. Workers could demand wages and good living conditions, and so serfdom ended. This view has come under close scrutiny by historians and partly rejected, but it did cause some Renaissance thinkers to agitate for greater religious and political freedoms over later years. The Black Death had killed millions in Europe and left the survivors with proportionally greater wealth, whether through fewer people inheriting more or simply from the increased wages they could demand. The Renaissance didn’t just stop, but its core ideas gradually converted into other forms, and new paradigms arose, particularly during the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century. Thirsty to learn more about the world and eager to improve trade routes, explorers sailed off to chart new lands. There were Renaissance movements in architecture, literature, poetry, drama, music, metals, textiles and furniture, but the Renaissance is perhaps best known for its art. The Renaissance used to be regarded as pushing forward a new desire for liberty and republicanism - rediscovered in works about the Roman Republic—even though many of the Italian city-states were taken over by individual rulers. "Scientists were guided by experience and experiment and began to investigate the natural world through observation," said Abernethy. The Crusades played a role in ushering in the Renaissance, Philip Van Ness Myers wrote in "Medieval and Modern History."

Charles V abdicated the Spanish throne in 1556, and Philip II took over. Many historians consider Florence to be the Renaissance's birthplace, though others widen that designation to all of Italy. Paintings, sculpture and other art forms flourished as new talents took up the creation of masterpieces, and enjoying art became seen as the mark of a cultured individual. Renaissance art completed during this period includes Michelangelo's sculpture "David" (1504), as well as his paintings of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (1508 to 1512) and "The Last Judgement" (1541). The Renaissance Period “Renaissance” can also refer to the period, c. 1400 – c. 1600. “High Renaissance” generally refers to c. 1480 – c. 1520.

"Ordinary people were now able to read and learn the lessons of Scripture, leading to the Evangelical movement." Michelangelo died in 1564. It's increasingly important to stress that the Renaissance had a long history of developments that included the twelfth-century renaissance and more. Important writing includes Giovanni Pico della Mirandola's "900 Theses," interpretations of ancient religious myths for which he was branded a heretic, but survived because of the Medicis support. Receive mail from us on behalf of our trusted partners or sponsors? Creative endeavor became viewed as a form of knowledge and achievement, not simply a way of decoration. The fall of the Byzantine and Roman Empires at the hands of the Ottomans also played a role.

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