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Since satellites in Molniya-type orbits [19], This article is about the satellite system. They were also based on the KAUR-2 bus, launching solely from Plesetsk. [2], The first Molniya 2 satellites were tested from 1971 with the first operational satellite launching in 1974 from Plesetsk. {\displaystyle \omega } [4][5], In the early 1960s, when Europe and America was establishing geostationary communication satellites, the Russians found these orbits unsuitable. of Russia. Geostationary [10], These satellites were used in the Soviet national Orbita television network, which had been established a few years earlier in 1967. highly elliptical and is highly inclined to the Earth's equator. [9] By 30 May 1966, the third Molniya 1 had taken the first images of the whole Earth in history. partnerships, and at one time was even used for the "Hot Line" between the In addition, they can see two-thirds of the globe during a complete circuit A Molniya-type orbit is a very elliptical, 12-hour orbit, with a high apogee in the northern hemisphere and a relatively low perigee in the southern hemisphere.

been placed in Molniya-type orbits to spy on the Soviet Union and neighboring territories. Keeping the dwell point over Russia, and useful for communications necessitated without excessive fuel use meant that the satellites needed an inclination of 63.4°, for which these perturbations are zero.[17][16]. [6] They were limited in the amount of rocket power available and it is extremely energy intensive to both launch a satellite to 40,000 km, and change its inclination to be over the equator, especially when launched from Russia.

Although the The best location for a comsat is the geostationary orbit 35,900 km (22,300 mi) out above the equator. This orbit type is called Molniya (Russian for "Lightning"). and practical type of orbit that would simulate the convenience of a

very practical for those living south of the Arctic Circle,

[8], The Molniya programme was authorized on 30 October 1961 and design was handled by OKB-1. The Landsats are in polar orbits so that they can scan all parts of the Earth from directly overhead. the first to be placed in such paths.

They are suited for communications purposes in polar regions, in the same way that geostationary satellites are used for equatorial regions. the highest range being an orbit period of 12 hours and satellite would remain over the northern hemisphere for most of its 12-hour

Molniya satellite orbits have been used for European communications Additionally geostationary satellites give poor coverage in polar regions, which consists of a large portion of Russian territory.

The next attempt was on 22 August 1964 and reached orbit successfully, but the parabolic communications antennas did not properly deploy due to a design flaw in the release mechanism. northern latitudes enabling them to relay for long periods in these locations. utilized this type of orbit. It is named after a series of Soviet/Russian Molniya communications satellites which have been using this type of orbit since the mid-1960s. This was done to ensure that the

Soviet Molniyas were the first to be placed in such paths. referred to as "Molniya-type", Molniya satellite orbits have been used for European communications From 1980s they were used by the military, and by the 1990s they were operated in the same manner as the Molniya 1 satellites.

Polar orbits are a type of low Earth orbit, as they are at low altitudes between 200 to 1000 km. [13][9][14], By the 1970s, the Molniya 1 series (and the upgrade Molniya 1T) was mostly used for military communications, with civilian communications moving to Molniya 2. [11], The early Molniya-1 satellites were designed for television, telegraph and telephone across Russa,[9] but they were also fitted with cameras used for weather monitoring, and possibly for assessing clear areas for Zenit spy satellites. [2], Originally called the Molniya-2M, their development began in 1972, with launches from 1974. A satellite in a Molniya orbit takes 12 hours to complete its orbit, but it spends about two-thirds of that time over one hemisphere. These two factors constrained the eccentricity to become approximately 0.737.

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