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Gregory, Paul R. & Valery Lazarev (eds.). Cambridge University Press, 25 November 2013. p. 335, "The Russian Revolution", Richard Pipes, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 13 July 2011, p. 838. Yeltsin was then free to impose the current Russian constitution with strong presidential powers, which was approved by referendum in December 1993. In April 1949 the United States sponsored the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a mutual defense pact in which most Western nations pledged to treat an armed attack against one nation as an assault on all.

Also around this period, the mercantile Stroganov family established a firm foothold in the Urals and recruited Russian Cossacks to colonise Siberia.

[175] The NEP would later come under increasing opposition from within the party following Lenin's death in early 1924. "Russian peasant and features of the Russian historical process", the research of Russian economic history of 15th–18th centuries", Excerpt from "Enserfed population in Russia", Transformation of Russia in the Nineteenth Century, Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev (1827–1907): Reactionary Views on Democracy, General Education, "Refugees (Russian Empire) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)", And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930, "War Communism to NEP: The Road to Serfdom", "Marriage in Twentieth Century Russia: Traditional Precepts and Innovative Experiments", "The Gulag Collection: Paintings of Nikolai Getman", "Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers | DW | 27.10.2005", Цена войны (Борис ЯЧМЕНЕВ) – "Трудовая Россия", Рыбаковский Л. Великая отечественная: людские потери России, "Involvement of the Lettish SS Legion in War Crimes in 1941–1945 and the Attempts to Revise the Verdict of the Nuremberg Tribunal in Latvia", Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations (Russian Federation.
The droughts of 1920 and 1921, as well as the 1921 famine, worsened the disaster still further.

[113], Finally the Crimean War at the end of his reign demonstrated to the world what no one had previously realized: Russia was militarily weak, technologically backward, and administratively incompetent. As part of the government reform, the Orthodox Church was partially incorporated into the country's administrative structure, in effect making it a tool of the state.
[110] The resulting January Uprising was a massive Polish revolt, which also was crushed.

In 1223, the disunited southern princes faced a Mongol raiding party at the Kalka River and were soundly defeated. When civilians showed a surge of patriotism, the tsar and his entourage failed to exploit it for military benefit. Prussia, Austria, Britain and France (the other members of the alliance) lacked large armies and needed Russia to supply the required numbers, which fit the philosophy of Nicholas I. All the land turned over to the peasants was owned collectively by the mir, the village community, which divided the land among the peasants and supervised the various holdings. While the Russian economy was being transformed, the social life of the people underwent equally drastic changes. At the same time, Prince of Novgorod, Alexander Nevsky, managed to repel the offensive of the Northern Crusades against Russia from the West. Gorbachev's attempts at economic reform were not sufficient, and the Soviet government left intact most of the fundamental elements of communist economy. This factbook on Russia takes a brief look at Russian history and geography. An ultimatum followed to Serbia, which was considered a Russian client-state, by Austro-Hungary on 23 July. [5] Russia later on inhereted the Soviet Union's entire nuclear arsenal in 1994 after signing the Budapest Memorandum.

[119][120] Vissarion Belinsky (1811–1848),[121] and Alexander Herzen (1812–1870) were prominent Westernizers.

With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia lost the superpower status that it had won in the Second World War. Failing there, they turned to the peasants. Peter abolished the patriarchate and replaced it with a collective body, the Holy Synod, led by a lay government official.

[259] The economic recovery of the 2000s allowed Russia to obtain the right to host the 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi.

[175] The peasants wanted cash payments for their products and resented having to surrender their surplus grain to the government as a part of its civil war policies.

After the crisis, Yeltsin was at the end of his political career.

Baykov, Alexander. The Bosporan Kingdom was incorporated as part of the Roman province of Moesia Inferior from 63 to 68 AD, under Emperor Nero. Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated as a state because of in-fighting between members of the princely family that ruled it collectively. The Russian autocracy gave Polish artisans and gentry reason to rebel in 1863 by assailing the national core values of language, religion, and culture. During this war, Russia occupied Manchuria, which caused a clash of interests with Japan. She contributed to the resurgence of the Russian nobility that began after the death of Peter the Great. – М.: Эксмо, Яуза, 2004. Russia has the world’s longest railway.

During the Russian Revolution of 1917, the moderate socialist and liberals decided to have a coalition.

The Silver Age was dominated by the artistic movements of Russian Symbolism, Acmeism, and Russian Futurism, many poetic schools flourished, including the Mystical Anarchism tendency within the Symbolist movement. [175] Land, all industry, and small businesses were nationalized, and the money economy was restricted. The cultural center of Moscovia was located on Moscow after the 13th century. Russia stood on its own. However, Fennell, the leading British specialist on Ivan III, argues that his reign was also "a period of cultural depression and spiritual barrenness.

The Russian economy was devastated by the war, with factories and bridges destroyed, cattle and raw materials pillaged, mines flooded and machines damaged. To the south-west, Russia attempted to expand at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, using Georgia at its base for the Caucasus and Anatolian front. The disastrous performance of the Russian armed forces in the Russo-Japanese War was a major blow to the Russian State and increased the potential for unrest. [155], In late February (3 March 1917), a strike occurred in a factory in the capital Petrograd (the new name for Saint Petersburg). On the other hand, many miscreants, petty criminals and undesirables were punished by local officials by enlisting them for life in the Army. [54] To achieve this aim, they sponsored the construction of the Great Abatis Belt and granted manors to nobles, who were obliged to serve in the military. They had outdated equipment and tactics, but the tsar, who dressed like a soldier and surrounded himself with officers, gloried in the victory over Napoleon in 1812 and took enormous pride in its smartness on parade. [138], While the Narodnik movement was gaining momentum, the government quickly moved to extirpate it. From its first years, government in the Soviet Union-based itself on the one-party rule of the Communists, as the Bolsheviks called themselves, beginning in March 1918. [33] One such campaign claimed the life of the foremost Slavic druzhina leader, Svyatoslav I, who was renowned for having crushed the power of the Khazars on the Volga.

In the 1990s Russia suffered an economic downturn that was, in some ways, more severe than the United States or Germany had undergone six decades earlier in the Great Depression. In turn tax revenues tripled over the course of his reign.[86].

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