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Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Soon afterward, McCarthy was admitted to the bar, an association for practicing lawyers. The United States sustained some 142,000 casualties in this limited war, most of them occurring after China’s entry. "McCarthy, Joseph Britannica does not review the converted text. On July 27, 1953, an armistice was signed in Korea freezing the status quo. ." He spread terror even among his peers. An important book is Robert Griffith, The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate (1970). In 1944, while still in the Marines, his friends in Wisconsin put him on the ballot for the U.S. Senate. He took part in many battles and won several medals for "courageous devotion" while on duty. McCarthyism came into the nation's history at a moment when Americans were uncertain about their future in a changing world. By 1949, he had the reputation of an upstart and a troublemaker and had made many enemies in the Senate. Evidence proved that they had sought special favors for G. David Schine (1927–1996), a subcommittee staff member, as an army inductee (a person who signs up for training or service in the military). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Encyclopedia of World Biography. Despite this failure to produce evidence, McCarthy escalated his anti-Communist crusade. Hiss’s 1950 conviction came in the wake of major tectonic shifts in the global political landscape. Encyclopedia of World Biography. The censure vote marked the decline of McCarthy's political influence. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Senator Joseph McCarthy, covering microphones, confers with an associate during an investigation into communist infiltration of the government. In 1950, Joseph McCarthy, who had been elected to the U.S. Senate in 1946, made a speech in Wheeling, West Virginia, in which he stated that the U.S. was engaged in a “battle between communistic atheism and Christianity” and declared that he had “here in my hand” a list of a large number of communists working in the State Department—a number that he gave at various times as 205, 81, and 57. McCarthy offered no evidence to support his charges and revealed only a single name, that of Owen Lattimore, who was not in the State Department and would never be convicted of a single offense. On December 2, 1954, the Senate felt secure enough to formally condemn him on a vote of 67 to 22 for conduct “contrary to Senate traditions,” thus ending the era of McCarthyism. . McCarthy finally turned his aim on the army in the Fort Monmouth hearings. After McCarthy’s reelection in 1952, he obtained the chairmanship of the Committee on Government Operations of the Senate and of its permanent subcommittee on investigations. The hearings reached their climax when McCarthy suggested that the Army’s lawyer, Joseph Welch, had employed a man who at one time had belonged to a communist front group. Although widely criticized for these remarks, McCarthy remained popular with many voters and won reelection to the Senate in 1952. McCarthy brought persons before his committee who he claimed were "card-carrying" Communists. During World War II (1939–45; a war involving many countries in the world in which the United States participated from 1941 until the end of the war), McCarthy served with the U.S. Marines as a ground officer in the Pacific. Scholars have debated whether McCarthy expressed a basic Populist appeal, with his attacks on the eastern intellectuals and the establishment, but this Populist theory is oversubtle for a man who gave no thought to mass welfare or to the release from any oppressive bonds. His fellow Republicans were torn between fear of his skill and willingness to use his attacks on President Harry Truman (1884–1972), Secretary of State Dean Acheson (1893–1971), and former Secretary of State George Marshall (1880–1959). Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy of Wisconsin stood out among those who held that the Roosevelt and Truman administrations amounted to “20 years of treason.” In February 1950 McCarthy claimed that he had a list (whose number varied) of State Department employees who were loyal only to the Soviet Union. As a result, defense expenditures rose to $53.6 billion in 1953, four times the pre-Korean level, and would decline only modestly after the armistice. New York: Free Press. He masterminded the coup d'état by which the Communists sei…, Known officially as the Communist Party USA (CPUSA), the Communist party was formed in the United States in 1919, two years after the Russian Revolut…, Senate Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. After the Democrats regained control of the Senate in the November 1954 elections, McCarthy was replaced as chair of the investigating committee by Senator john l. mcclellan of Arkansas. (October 16, 2020). To re-enable the tools or to convert back to English, click "view original" on the Google Translate toolbar. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator. The excessive fear of communist subversion was fed by numerous sources. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Joseph McCarthy was a junior Republican senator from Wisconsin still in his first term when he delivered the incendiary Lincoln Day speech that rocketed him to political stardom. Kinsler, Joseph. ." It refers to U.S. The term "McCarthyism" became a synonym for reckless smear tactics intended to destroy the victim's political standing and public character. He died on May 2, 1957 in Bethesda, Maryland. Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator. McCarthy’s subsequent search for communists in the Central Intelligence Agency, the State Department, and elsewhere made him an incredibly polarizing figure. After reelection, McCarthy was assigned to the Government Operations Committee. His accusations struck a chord with many U.S. citizens. The fifth of nine children, Joseph seems to have grown up shy and awkward, often rejected by his peers but favored by a protective mother. While McCarthyism proper ended with the senator’s downfall, the term still has currency in modern political discourse. U.S. McCarthy spent the hearings bullying and badgering witnesses, interrupting, making vicious personal attacks, and making long, ranting speeches. Joseph Welch, the Army's attorney in the hearings, made an apparent reference to Cohn's homosexuality. MCCARTHY, JOSEPH RAYMOND Announcing our NEW encyclopedia for Kids! West's Encyclopedia of American Law. Meanwhile, McCarthy's health was declining. McCarthy exploited these fears with his rash and unsupported allegations of communist spies in the government. Joseph McCarthy and the Cold War. As for military policy, Eisenhower instituted the “New Look,” which entailed reducing the army from 1,500,000 men in 1953 to 900,000 in 1960. Encyclopedia.com. Within days, President Truman resolved to defend South Korea, even though there were few Americans in Korea and few troops ready for combat. Other books wrestling with the meaning of McCarthyism are Edward A. Shils, The Torment of Secrecy (1956); Max Lerner, The Unfinished Country (1959), which reprints a cluster of articles entitled "McCarthy: The Life and Death of a Nightmare" John P. Roche, The Quest for the Dream (1963); and Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics (1965). He died three years later, on May 2, 1957, a broken man whose end had really come at the Army hearing, when the nation recoiled from him and his power to inspire terror was halted. Two books that tend to offset each other are William F. Buckley and L. Brent Bozell, McCarthy and His Enemies (1954; new ed. . McCarthy tried practicing as a lawyer in several county seats, supplementing his scanty legal fees by winnings at poker but also playing at the game of politics. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. We’ve been busy, working hard to bring you new features and an updated design. He was often called a "fascist" by liberals and the left, but this was as loose an epithet as his own accusations of "Communist." The country was on edge after a series of international and domestic events pointing to communist subversion as a serious national security threat. Cunningham, Jesse G., ed. The influential conservative Democrat Sen. Patrick A. McCarran then sponsored an omnibus bill that absorbed the Mundt-Nixon provisions. New York: Free Press, 2000. McCarthyism is part of the Red Scare period of American history in the late 1940s and 1950s. By this point, McCarthy and his crusade had aggravated senators and the president. These accusations were made despite Truman’s strongly anticommunist foreign policy and his creation, in 1947, of an elaborate Federal Employee Loyalty Program, which resulted in hundreds of federal workers being fired and in several thousand more being forced to resign. Soon afterward McCarthy left the Marines. In 1955 the Soviets agreed to end the four-power occupation of Austria, and in that July Eisenhower met in Geneva with the new Soviet leader, Nikita S. Khrushchev, for talks that were friendly though inconclusive. . In 1946 he won the Republican nomination for the Senate in a stunning upset primary victory over Sen. Robert M. La Follette, Jr.; he was elected that autumn and again in 1952. Omissions? In 1944, while still in the Marines, he ran unsuccessfully for the Senate. McCarthy offered no evidence to support his charges and revealed only a single name, that of Owen Lattimore, who was not in the…. The navy experienced smaller reductions, while air force expenditures rose. His parents were devout Catholics, literate but uneducated. His campaign of accusations has often been compared to a witch-hunt, particularly by Arthur Miller’s 1953 play The Crucible. The stalemated Korean War, a renewal of inflation, and the continuing Red Scare persuaded Truman not to stand for reelection in 1952 and also gravely handicapped Gov. In 1956 Congress authorized the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, Eisenhower’s pet project and the largest public works program in history. Encyclopedia.com. The furor sparked blacklisting in Hollywood and ruined the reputations and careers of many entertainers, politicians, and scholars. In later years, McCarthy claimed that in late 1949, three men came to him with a document from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) describing Soviet espionage activities in the United States. Having caught the fever of politics, McCarthy decided to run for the office of district attorney. Dwight D. Eisenhower (centre), the Republican Party nominee for U.S. president, with running mate Richard Nixon (left, holding child) at campaign headquarters in Washington, D.C., September 10, 1952. 16 Oct. 2020 . Retrieved October 16, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mccarthy-joseph. He died three years later, on May 2, 1957, a broken man whose end had really come at the army hearing, when the nation recoiled from him and his power to inspire terror was halted. Joseph McCarthy was a junior Republican senator from Wisconsin still in his first term when he delivered the incendiary Lincoln Day speech that rocketed him to political stardom. In 1954, in a rare move, his Senate colleagues officially censured him for unbecoming conduct. The event showcased McCarthy’s bullying tactics and culminated when, after McCarthy charged that the army’s lawyer, Joseph N. Welch, employed a man who had once belonged to a communist front group, Welch responded, “Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Because of him, the term McCarthyism became a synonym for a public "witch-hunt" intended to destroy the victim's political standing and public character. A congressional investigation found no evidence to support McCarthy's accusations. . On Jan. 7, 1950, he asked three dinner companions to suggest an issue; they suggested Communist power and subversion.

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