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[172] After Huerta arrested U.S. Navy personnel who had accidentally landed in a restricted zone near the northern port town of Tampico, Wilson dispatched the Navy to occupy the Mexican city of Veracruz. Several historians have spotlighted consistent examples in the public record of Wilson's overtly racist policies and political appointments, such as segregationists he placed in his Cabinet. The Democrats also maintained control of Congress in the 1916 elections. While the vast majority of Republicans favored the amendment, most Southern Democrats opposed it. [41] The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the income tax in the cases of Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co. and Stanton v. Baltic Mining Co.[42], Facing the need for further revenue due to an arms build-up, in 1916 the Wilson administration called for the passage of another major revenue bill. [275] The country was also hit by the 1918 flu pandemic, which killed over 600,000 Americans in 1918 and 1919. [136] Wilson rejected the legitimacy of Huerta's "government of butchers" and demanded Mexico hold democratic elections. Bryan prit l’initiative de demander à 40 pays possédant une ambassade à Washington de signer des traités d’arbitrage bilatéraux. [9] Wilson won 435 of the 531 electoral votes and 41.8% of the popular vote, while Roosevelt won most of the remaining electoral votes and 27.4% of the popular vote, representing one of the strongest third party performances in U.S. history. Kendall, Eric M. "Diverging Wilsonianisms: Liberal Internationalism, the Peace Movement, and the Ambiguous Legacy of Woodrow Wilson" (PhD. The act was struck down by the Supreme Court in the 1918 case of Hammer v. Shadow Lawn, the Summer White House for Wilson during his term in office, became part of Monmouth University in 1956. Most Democrats favored the treaty. [92] Wilson and his allies quickly won passage of the Geran bill, which undercut the power of the political bosses by requiring primaries for all elective offices and party officials. [93], Prohibition developed as an unstoppable reform during the war, but Wilson only played a minor role in its passage. [190] The Germans signed the Armistice of 11 November 1918, bringing an end to the fighting. Le conflit procura également à l'armée américaine une certaine expérience du combat et fit de Pershing un héros national[58]. [35] Their third and final child, Eleanor, was born in October 1889. Il n'avait pas beaucoup voyagé en dehors des États-Unis et sa connaissance des autres peuples et des autres cultures se limitait à la Grande-Bretagne, qu'il admirait grandement. [22] Wilson pioneered twice-weekly press conferences in the White House. Wilson ordonna dans le même temps des interventions militaires à Cuba, au Panama et au Honduras. Wilson's party also maintained control of Congress, although control in the House would depend on the support of several members of the Progressive Party. [45] In the 1920s, Republicans raised tariffs and lowered the income tax. [90] Many recent immigrants, resident aliens without U.S. citizenship, who opposed America's participation in the war were deported to Soviet Russia or other nations under the powers granted in the Immigration Act of 1918. Les États-Unis déclarèrent également la guerre à l'Autriche-Hongrie en décembre 1917. [186], During Wilson's first term, "preparedness," or building up the U.S. Army and the U.S. Navy, became a major dynamic of public opinion. Wilson led his country into World War I and became the creator and leading advocate of the League of Nations, for which he was awarded the 1919 Nobel Prize for Peace. De fait, en janvier 1917, l'Allemagne relança une guerre sous-marine à outrance contre les bateaux circulant dans les eaux britanniques. Wilson embarked on a nationwide tour to campaign for the treaty, which would have included U.S. entrance into the League of Nations, but was left incapacitated by a stroke in October 1919 and saw the treaty defeated in the Senate. [68] The Jones Act of 1917 upgraded the status of Puerto Rico, which had also been acquired from Spain in 1898. In the first Senate elections since the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment, Democrats retained their Senate majority. [146] The Sherman Antitrust Act barred any "contract, combination...or conspiracy, in restraint of trade," but had proved ineffective in preventing the rise of large business combinations known as trusts. We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind. "Making A Case for Wilson," in, Janis, Mark Weston. Johnson. Un affrontement avec la foule à Parral le 12 avril fit deux morts et six blessés chez les Américains et plusieurs centaines de victimes mexicaines.

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