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P.R Venema W (, Nes Zinc is an example of specific components that need to be selected and optimized for each target protein individually. W.N The expression of a number of lactococcal operons is regulated (reviewed in [89]). C International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. Shimamura Weerkamp G A On the other hand, these markers could also be used as positive indicators for a culture that is fully adapted to resist an upcoming stress condition. L. lactis has no catalase and depends solely on NADH peroxidase to keep H2O2 levels at subinhibitory concentrations. Dual inducible expression of recombinant GFP and targeted antisense RNA in Lactococcus lactis. The authors are grateful to Prof. Gary M. Dunny, Prof. Ines Mandič‐Mulec and Prof. Roger Pain for their generous help. Key examples of stress proteins which are controlled at these various levels are σS[7] and CspA [8,9] in Escherichia coli. Other stress response systems are conserved at the protein level but are under control of mechanisms unique for L. lactis. Therefore, any increase of the pH can lead to a prolongation of growth in the presence of higher concentrations of lactate. The cultivation and induction conditions were as follows: pH controlled (using NaOH) growth at pH 6.5, growth temperature 30°C, inoculum 1%, induction at OD600 = 1 (= 0.3 g/L cell dry weight [20]) with 10 ng/mL nisin, and harvest after 6 h. The initial medium composition was: 5% lactose, 1.5 % soy peptone, 1% yeast extract, 1 mM MgSO4 and 0.1 mM MnSO4. Schumann S A Schematic overview of the NICE system, its components and its function. In addition, such strains should survive storage and handling procedures that are cheap and convenient. The mutant strain expressed higher levels of the heat shock chaperones when grown at 30°C, which is an indication for the accumulation of unfolded proteins due to reduced proteolytic activity. © 2020 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. NaOH is a more alkaline neutralizing agent than NH4OH and could cause cell damage. The characterization was carried out at different temperatures and pH and lactis biovar. Araya bUninduced expression level below detection limit. Bacteriocin was produced under optimum growth conditions and partially purified by ammonium sulphate and gel filtration. 6) with more nisin (80 ng ml−1). Hartke Lactococcus lactis is a Gram-positive bacterium used extensively in the production of buttermilk and cheese, but has also become famous as the first genetically modified organism to be used alive for the treatment of human disease. Because of its genetic accessibility and because it is easy to handle, L. lactis, in addition to its traditional applications, has been extensively developed and used for the expression of heterologous genes, and has become one of the most used Gram-positive gene expression hosts.

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